The USS Flier Read online

  The USS Flier

  Death and Survival

  on a

  World War II

  Submarine

  MICHAEL STURMA

  THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY

  Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

  Copyright © 2008 by The University Press of Kentucky

  Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University.

  All rights reserved.

  Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky

  663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008

  www.kentuckypress.com

  12 11 10 09 08 5 4 3 2 1

  Maps by Dick Gilbreath

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Sturma, Michael, 1950-

  The USS Flier: death and survival on a World War II submarine / Michael Sturma.

  p. cm.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  ISBN 978-0-8131-2481-0 (hbk. : alk. paper)

  1. Flier (Submarine) 2. World War, 1939-1945—Naval operations—Submarine.

  3. World War, 1939-1945—Naval operations, American. 4. World War, 1939-1945—Campaigns—Pacific Ocean. 5. Survival after airplane accidents,

  shipwrecks, etc.—Philippines—Palawan. I. Title.

  D783.5.F56S88 2008

  940.54’510973—dc22

  2007046559

  This book is printed on acid-free recycled paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials.

  Manufactured in the United States of America.

  Member of the Association of

  American University Presses

  To Joan Roberts

  Contents

  Acknowledgments

  Prologue

  1. The Aleutians

  2. A New Boat

  3. Midway

  4. Grounded

  5. USS Macaw

  6. Board of Investigation

  7. Resumed Patrol

  8. Fremantle

  9. Death in Thirty Seconds

  10. Cause and Effect

  11. Black Water

  12. Castaways

  13. Guerrillas

  14. Brooke's Point

  15. USS Redfin

  16. Evacuees

  17. On Board

  18. Fallout

  19. Bend of the Road

  20. Inquiry

  21. Report Incognito

  22. Back in the USA

  23. Next of Kin

  Epilogue

  Notes

  Bibliography

  Index

  Acknowledgments

  Numerous people assisted in the research for this study. Charles Hinman and Nancy Richards extended the aloha spirit at the USS Bowfin Submarine Museum at Pearl Harbor. My special thanks to Charles for his lunchtime conversations and his Web site On Eternal Patrol. I am grateful to Steve Finnigan and Wendy Gulley for their assistance at the Submarine Force Museum at Groton, Connecticut. Carol Bowers and John Waggener of the American Heritage Center at Laramie provided invaluable help both at a distance and on the spot. Kathleen Lloyd of the Naval Historical Center, P. A. Leonard from the Office of the Judge Advocate General, and Patrick Kerwin from the Library of Congress made important contributions in piecing together the USS Flier’s history.

  I was fortunate to have the logistical help of Susan Witt, Wes Witt, and Barbara Eblen during my research in the United States. Closer to home, my friend and colleague Mike Durey provided a fount of naval knowledge. Peter Marks generously guided me through the Weld Club in Western Australia. Like much of my writing, this project benefited from the support of my wife, Ying.

  I owe special thanks to Alvin E. Jacobson for sharing his memoirs and memories. I hope this book will serve as a tribute to the remarkable men of the Flier.

  Prologue

  The thirteenth proved unlucky for the USS Flier. On Sunday night, 13 August 1944, the submarine was speeding on the surface through the treacherous waters of Balabac Strait between Borneo and the Philippine island of Palawan. At 10:00 P.M. an explosion came without warning. In less than sixty seconds the submarine was plummeting toward the bottom of the ocean, leaving only fourteen of the crew struggling on the surface. After nearly eighteen hours in the water, eight men made it to land in enemy territory.

  The story of the USS Flier has all the elements of a classic World War II survival tale: sudden disaster, physical deprivation, a ruthless enemy, friendly guerrillas, and an intricate escape. The eight men of the Flier became the first Americans of the Pacific war to survive the sinking of a submarine and make it back to the United States. It was rare for anyone from a lost submarine to ever be heard from again. Most often, submarines went down with all hands, and there was usually scant information about their last hours or days. The exceptions were the four submarines (S-36, S-27, S-39, and Darter) destroyed after running aground; in each case the entire crew was rescued. With the loss of fifty-two submarines and the death of more than 3,500 crewmen, the submarine service had the highest casualty rate of any branch of the U.S. military. There were known survivors from only eight submarines sunk during the Pacific war, and apart from the eight men of the Flier, all these survivors spent the remainder of the war in Japanese captivity.

  At the end of the war, Tom Paine of the USS Pompon was one of the officers who assisted in repatriating these submariners from Japanese prisoner of war camps. As the men passed through the American base at Guam, Paine was appalled by both their pitiful condition and their small number. Among his class at the Naval Academy, thirty-five men had volunteered for service on submarines, and seven of them had been lost at sea. The death rate was about the same throughout the submarine service. Paine had been best man at the wedding of one of those lost with the USS Herring, and he had been introduced to his future wife, a member of the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force in Perth, by a former Annapolis classmate lost with the USS Lagarto.1

  The Flier’s skipper, John Daniel Crowley, was among the handful of men who escaped the sinking submarine and evaded capture in enemy territory. He also survived a naval judicial system notorious for its ruthlessness—twice. Earlier, the Flier had suffered a serious mishap on its first war patrol when it ran aground at Midway, resulting in the death of one crew member. Following a detailed inquiry into the incident, Crowley retained his command. After an extended period of repair, the Flier resumed its patrol, sailing from Pearl Harbor to the submarine base at Fremantle, Western Australia. The Flier was still in the early part of its second war patrol when it sank in Balabac Strait, this time leaving most of the crew on “eternal patrol,” as the sailors put it. Despite a second formal inquiry after the Flier’s loss, Crowley would later be given another submarine command.

  The naval inquiries, along with the Flier’s checkered history, open a rare window on the inner workings of the wartime “silent service.” After the attack on Pearl Harbor, submarines became the first branch of the military to carry the fight to the enemy's doorstep. Although the major battles of the Pacific war were fought by aircraft carriers, U.S. submarines strangled the Japanese supply lines. Submariners represented less than 2 percent of U.S. Navy personnel, but they were responsible for more than half of Japan's shipping losses. In 1944 alone, U.S. subs sank nearly 500 Japanese ships, t
otaling well over 2 million tons.2 This effectiveness was due in part to the fact that the activities of the submarine service were closely guarded secrets.

  Although some of the Flier’s mysteries remain hidden beneath the sea, its fate reveals the vagaries of both underwater warfare and naval protocols. At one level, the Flier’s story suggests a high degree of cooperation among submariners, coast watchers, and guerrillas in the Philippines. At another level, it illustrates the infighting and personality clashes within the submarine command. The ordeal of the Flier’s crew and their loved ones also highlights the trauma and personal tragedies of the Pacific war, which were often obscured by acts of heroism.

  1

  The Aleutians

  Lieutenant Commander John Daniel Crowley had paid his dues. Before being given command of the newly minted USS Flier, he had spent nearly two years in charge of an antiquated S-boat, popularly known in the navy as a “pigboat” or “sewer pipe.” Conditions on the S-boats were atrocious. There were no showers on board and only one head for nearly fifty crewmen. Without air conditioning, the boats accumulated an incredible stench during prolonged dives. Once the submarines surfaced, the sudden burst of oxygen could render the crew giddy. Even so, the sailors who served on S-boats took a certain pride in having the grit to withstand such discomfort for extended periods. As one writer put it, “An S-boat was a great leveling agent; all suffered equally.”1 To add to Crowley's suffering, he was assigned to some of the most inhospitable waters in the world.

  Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on 24 September 1908, John Crowley attended local schools before entering the U.S. Naval Academy in 1927. A classmate described Crowley's passage through the academy as “fairly easy sailing,” and he loved sports.2 When he graduated four years later, commissioned an ensign, Crowley became part of a group renowned for its social as well as military exclusivity. Nevertheless, it was a career characterized by relatively low pay and slow advancement. Like most new graduates, Crowley served on a succession of ships, including the battleships Maryland and Arkansas and the cruiser Minneapolis. On 25 June 1934 he was commissioned a lieutenant junior grade, and two years later he began instruction at the Submarine School in New London, Connecticut. It is possible that Crowley, like many other naval officers, viewed the submarine service as a shortcut to early command. After a period of postgraduate study at Annapolis and service on more surface ships and submarines, that ambition was finally realized.3

  On 26 July 1941 Crowley assumed command of the S-28, built by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company at Quincy, Massachusetts. At the time, the S-28 was nearly twenty years old and was one of twenty-six S-boats still in operation. As a lieutenant with some ten years’ experience, Crowley was typical of the men given command of such boats.4

  When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the S-28 was undergoing a much-needed overhaul at the Mare Island Naval Yard north of San Francisco. After the work was completed on 22 January 1942, the S-28 headed for the Underwater Sound Training School at San Diego. Several months later the S-28 was ordered to the less salubrious latitudes of the Aleutians, and it left San Diego on 20 May in the company of three other S-boats, headed for the American base at Dutch Harbor in Unalaska Bay.

  The S-28’s deployment was in response to an anticipated Japanese attack on U.S. bases at Midway and in the Aleutians. The Aleutian Islands, extending southwest from Alaska in a forbidding necklace of rocks and shoals, became American territory when the United States purchased Alaska from the Russians in 1867. The ultimate Japanese strategy was to occupy the Aleutians and thus block an Allied advance in the northern Pacific and prevent the islands from being used as a base for long-range bombers. The more immediate objective was to create a diversion from a planned attack on Midway, an island group in the central Pacific. The Americans were well aware of the Japanese plans, however. A signals intelligence team at Pearl Harbor under Commander Joseph J. Rochefort had managed to crack the Japanese Fleet's general-purpose code used to transmit operational orders.5

  Even with this knowledge, service in the Aleutians proved to be frustrating. Because of the anticipated Japanese strike, the S-boats were diverted from their original destination at Dutch Harbor and ordered into attack mode. On 2 June the S-28 received a directive to attack enemy forces approaching Cold Bay on the Alaska Peninsula, but it was unable to make contact. The following day a Japanese task force under Vice Admiral Hosogaya unleashed its carrier aircraft on the American base at Dutch Harbor; more than a dozen fighters strafed the harbor and shore, followed by bombers.6 Several days later, on 6–7 June, Japanese landing parties took possession of Attu and Kiska at the western end of the Aleutian chain. Although these islands were barely populated, they constituted additional losses for the Allies, who had already seen the fall of Singapore, Hong Kong, and the Philippines.

  Still making their first patrol, Crowley and his crew encountered a Japanese destroyer on 18 June 1942 off the twenty-two-mile-long island of Kiska. They had been searching that morning in heavy seas for a tanker reported to be sailing from Attu to Kiska but had not encountered it. Near noon, however, through the patchy fog, they spotted a destroyer about a thousand yards away. The destroyer apparently detected the submarine minutes later and charged toward it. The S-28 optimistically fired two torpedoes, using the destroyer's sound bearing, but the Japanese ship escaped unscathed and pursued the S-28 for the next eight hours. This would be one of the few attacks made by the S-28 under Crowley's command. He later described the remaining four patrols in the Aleutians as “principally reconnaissance patrols and notably lacking in targets.”7

  After the Battle of Midway, eight of the newer fleet submarines moved north and proved more successful against the enemy than the aging S-boats had been. The USS Triton sank a Japanese destroyer, the Nenohi, on 4 July 1942. The following day the USS Growler caught three destroyers at anchor, sinking one and severely damaging the others. The USS Grunion, making its first war patrol, sank two Japanese submarine chasers on 15 July but then disappeared while patrolling in close proximity to the S-28. Crowley reportedly heard no depth charges or explosions to explain the Grunion’s loss—a stark reminder of the fragility of life on a submarine even without an attacking enemy.8

  The Aleutian Islands and Midway

  Crowley's main battles on the S-28 were against the weather and the mechanical deficiencies of his submarine. The Aleutian Islands, strung out like vertebrae between the northern Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, are infamous for their extreme weather. Crowley and his crew faced a daily round of freezing temperatures, raging storms, gale-force winds, and impenetrable fogs. On the submarine's bridge, icy winds could freeze a man's hands to his binoculars. Inside, the dank environment of the S-boat after forty days on patrol was a hazard in itself. Condensation—so-called hull sweating—saturated the crew's bedding along with everything else. On his first patrol Crowley noted that the “air was always cold and damp.”9 To conserve battery power, they rarely turned on the heaters.

  Because of the prolonged daylight hours in the northern latitudes, the S-28 remained submerged an average of eighteen hours a day. Such lengthy dives wreaked havoc with the air quality inside the hull. Once carbon dioxide levels reached 3 percent, the atmosphere posed a serious threat to the crew, but even at lower levels it could cause headaches and other side effects.10 The main methods of countering high carbon dioxide levels were to bleed stored oxygen into the submarine or to distribute carbon dioxide absorbent, but the S-28 faced shortages of both.

  The relatively brief periods on the surface also meant that the availability of fresh water was severely limited. Apart from what could be carried in storage tanks, the submarine's water supply depended on evaporators that ran off the heat of the diesel engine exhaust—and the S-28 used diesel power only when it was on the surface (running on battery power when underwater). Besides the shortage of drinking water, what little water the crew did have was apparently tainted, causing many of the men to suffer from nausea
and headaches. In addition, an outbreak of scabies, a contagious skin disease caused by parasitic mites, affected about a third of the men and was almost certainly exacerbated by the system of “hot bunking,” in which crewmen shared the same beds as they rotated watches. To cap it off, there was a fire in the main port motor during the first patrol.

  The S-28 departed from Dutch Harbor for its second war patrol on 15 July 1942. Milder weather meant that the crew's health improved, and shorter daylight hours meant that they could spend more time on the surface. The submarine was stationed in the area off Kiska and received a number of directives to intercept enemy ships. Although some enemy contacts were made, the submarine never undertook an attack. The physical condition of the S-28 remained a constant drawback. Among other things, the periscopes tended to fog up due to the differential between the water and air temperatures.11

  The S-28’s third war patrol proved equally disappointing in terms of results, with only one enemy contact. In the late afternoon of 4 October 1942 the S-28 sighted an enemy patrol vessel estimated to be 130 to 150 feet long. The submarine lost the initiative, however, and failed to make an attack. In fact, the only torpedo fired was launched by accident when a firing circuit malfunctioned.12

  Throughout its three patrols, the S-28, like most S-boats, was handicapped by a lack of navigational equipment. Without radar, a Fathometer, or proper sound equipment, navigation was dangerous. Naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison once claimed that “navigating an S-boat was accomplished more by smell and feel than through science.”13 During the war, S-boats became notorious for running aground. For instance, on 20 January 1942 the S-36 struck Taka Bakang Reef in Makassar Strait. With coral penetrating the hull, the submarine had to be abandoned. The crew was picked up by a Dutch merchantman and transported to Surabaya, Java. On 14 August 1942 the S-39, sailing out of Brisbane, Australia, ran aground in the Louisiade Archipelago off New Guinea. Again, the crew was lucky to survive, being rescued this time by the Australian corvette HMAS Katoomba.14